Publications

Energy storage: mechanism and applications

Zheng, J.; Zhao, Q.; Tang, T.; Yin, J.; Quilty, C. D.; Renderos, G. D.; Liu, X.; Deng, Y.; Wang, L.; Bock, D. C.; et al. " Reversible Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Metals in Battery Anodes. " Science (2019), DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6873

Zhao, Q.; Chen, P.; Li, S.; Liu, X.; Archer, L. A. " Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes Stabilized by Task-Specific Salt Additives. " Journal of Materials Chemistry A (2019), DOI: 10.1039/c8ta12008k

Warren, A.; Zhang, D.; Choudhury, S.; Archer, L. A. " Electrokinetics in Viscoelastic Liquid Electrolytes above the Diffusion Limit. " Macromolecules (2019), DOI: acs.macromol.9b00536

Liu, X.; Abel, B. A.; Zhao, Q.; Li, S.; Choudhury, S.; Zheng, J.; Archer, L. A. " Microscopic Origins of Caging and Equilibration of Self-Suspended Hairy Nanoparticles. " Macromolecules (2019), DOI: acs.macromol.9b01473

Li, G.; Archer, L. A.; Koch, D. L. " Electroconvection in a Viscoelastic Electrolyte. " Physical Review Letters (2019), DOI: acs.macromol.9b01473

Kim, M. S.; Deepika; Lee, S. H.; Kim, M.-S.; Ryu, J.-H.; Lee, K.-R.; Archer, L. A.; Cho, W. I. " Enabling Reversible Redox Reactions in Electrochemical Cells Using Protected LiAl Intermetallics as Lithium Metal Anodes. " Science Advances (2019), DOI: sciadv.aax5587

Zheng, Jingxu, Qing Zhao, Xiaotun Liu, Tian Tang, Lynden Archer, et al. " Nonplanar Electrode Architectures for Ultrahigh Areal Capacity Batteries. " ACS Energy Letters (2018), DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02131

Zhao, Qing, Michael J. Zachman, Wajdi I. Al Sadat, Jingxu Zheng, Lena F. Kourkoutis, and Lynden Archer. " Solid electrolyte interphases for high-energy aqueous aluminum electrochemical cells. " Science Advances (2018), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8131

Kim, Mun Sek, Ji-Hyun Ryu, Young Rok Lim, In Wook Nah, Kwang-Ryeol Lee, Lynden A. Archer, and Won Il Cho. " Langmuir–Blodgett artificial solid-electrolyte interphases for practical lithium metal batteries. " Nature Energy (2018), DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0237-6

Zhao, Qing, Jingxu Zheng, and Lynden A. Archer. " Interphases in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Towards Deployable Devices with Competitive Energy Density and Stability " ACS Energy Letters (2018), DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01001

Tu, Zhengyuan, Michael J. Zachman, Snehashis Choudhury, Kasim A. Khan, Qing Zhao, Lena F. Kourkoutis, and Lynden A. Archer. " Stabilizing protic and aprotic liquid electrolytes at high-bandgap oxide interphases " Chemistry of Materials (2018), DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01996

Choudhury, S., Vu, D., Warren, A., Tikekar, M. D., Tu, Z., & Archer, L. A. " Confining electrodeposition of metals in structured electrolytes " PNAS (2018), DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803385115

Tu, Zhengyuan, Snehashis Choudhury, Michael J. Zachman, Shuya Wei, Kaihang Zhang, Lena F. Kourkoutis, and Lynden A. Archer. " Fast ion transport at solid–solid interfaces in hybrid battery anodes," Nature Energy (2018), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6243

Wei, S., Cheng, Z., Nath, P., Tikekar, M. D., Li, G., & Archer, L. A. " Stabilizing electrochemical interfaces in viscoelastic liquid electrolytes " Science Advances (2018), DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803385115

Stalin, Sanjuna, Snehashis Choudhury, Kaihang Zhang, and Lynden A. Archer. " Multifunctional Cross-Linked Polymeric Membranes for Safe, High-Performance Lithium Batteries," Chemistry of Materials (2018), DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b05353

Zhao, Q., Tu, Z., Wei, S., Zhang, K., Choudhury, S., Liu, X., & Archer, L. A. " Building Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Interphases for Fast Interfacial Transport in Rechargeable Metal Batteries," Angewandte Chemie (2017), DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711598

Wei, S., Choudhury, S., Tu, Z., Zhang, K., & Archer, L. A. "Electrochemical Interphases for High-Energy Storage Using Reactive Metal Anodes," Accounts of chemical research (2017), DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00484

Choudhury, S., Wei, S., Ozhabes, Y., Gunceler, D., Zachman, M.J., Tu, Z., Shin, J.H., Nath, P., Agrawal, A., Kourkoutis, L.F. and Arias, T.A, L. Archer "Designing solid-liquid interphases for sodium batteries," Nature communications (2017), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00742-x

Kim, Mun Sek, Min-Seop Kim, Vandung Do, Young Rok Lim, In Wook Nah, Lynden A. Archer, and Won Il Cho "Designing Solid-Electrolyte Interphases for Lithium Sulfur electrodes using Ionic Shields," Nano Energy (2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.10.018

Tu, Z., S. Choudhury, M.J. Zachman, S. Wei, K. Zhang, L.F. Kourkoutis, L. Archer "Designing Artificial Solid-Electrolyte Interphases for Single-Ion and High-Efficiency Transport in Batteries," Joule (2017), DOI: 10.1002/j.joule.2017.06.002

Choudhury, S., Z. Tu, S. Stalin, D. Vu, K. Fawole, D. Gunceler, R. Sundararaman, L. Archer "Electroless Formation of Hybrid Lithium Anodes for Fast Interfacial Ion Transport," Angewandtle Chemie International Edition (2017), DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707754

Choudhury, Snehashis, Charles Tai-Chieh Wan, Wajdi I. Al Sadat, Zhengyuan Tu, Sampson Lau, Michael J. Zachman, Lena F. Kourkoutis, and Lynden A. Archer "Designer interphases for the lithium-oxygen electrochemical cell," Science Advances (2017), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602809

Wei, S. S. Choudhury, J. Xu, P. Nath, Z. Tu, L.A. Archer "Highly Stable Sodium Batteries Enabled by Functional Ionic Polymer Membranes," Advanced Materials (2017), DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605512

Lu, Yanying, Ning Zhang, Shuang Jiang, Yudong Zhang, Meng Zhou, Zhanliang Tao, Lynden A. Archer, and Jun Chen "High-capacity and Ultrafast Na-ion Storage of Self-supported 3D Porous Antimony Persulfide@ graphene Foam Architecture," Nano Letters (2017), DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00889

Tu, Z. M.J. Zachman, S. Choudhury, S. Wei, L. Ma, Y. Yang, L.F. Kourkoutis, L.A. Archer "Nanoporous Hybrid Electrolytes for High‐Energy Batteries Based on Reactive Metal Anodes," Advanced Energy Materials (2017), DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201602367

Fan, Lei, Houlong L. Zhuang, Lina Gao, Yingying Lu, and Lynden A. Archer. "Regulating Li deposition at artificial solid electrolyte interphases," Journal of Materials Chemistry A (2017), DOI: 10.1039/c6ta10204b

Kim, M.S. L. Ma, S. Choudhury, L.A. Archer "Multifunctional Separator Coatings for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries," Advanced Materials Interfaces (2016), DOI: 10.1002/admi.201600450

Tikekar, M.D. S. Choudhury, Z. Tu, L.A. Archer "Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries," Nature Energy (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.114 , Full text (free): View it!

Ma, L. P. Nath, Z. Tu, M. Tikekar, L.A. Archer " Highly Conductive, Sulfonated, UV-Cross-Linked Separators for Li–S Batteries," Chemistry of Materials (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02190

Xu, S. S. Wei, H. Wang, H.D. Abruña, L.A. Archer " The Sodium–Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Electrochemical Cell," ChemSusChem (2016), DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600423

Al Sadat, W.I. L.A. Archer " The O2-assisted Al/CO2 electrochemical cell: A system for CO2 capture/conversion and electric power generation," Science Advances (2016), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600968

Tikekar, M.D. L.A. Archer, D.L. Koch " Stabilizing electrodeposition in elastic solid electrolytes containing immobilized anions," Science Advances (2016), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600320

Wei, S. S. Xu, A. Agrawral, S. Choudhury, Y. Lu, Z. Tu, L. Ma, L.A. Archer " A stable room-temperature sodium-sulfur battery," Nature communications (2016), DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11722

Choudhury, S. A. Agrawal, S. Wei, E. Jeng, L.A. Archer " Hybrid Hairy Nanoparticle Electrolytes Stabilizing Lithium Metal Batteries," Advanced Electronic Materials (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00029

Lau, S. L.A. Archer " Batteries: Discharging the right product," Nature Energy (2016), DOI: Link

Choudhury, S. L.A. Archer " Lithium Fluoride Additives for Stable Cycling of Lithium Batteries at High Current Densities," Advanced Electronic Materials (2016), DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201500246

Zheng. Q., L. Ma, R. Khurana, L.A. Archer, G.W. Coates " Structure–property study of cross-linked hydrocarbon/poly (ethylene oxide) electrolytes with superior conductivity and dendrite resistance," Chemical Science (2016), DOI: 10.1039/C6SC01813K

Kim M.S., L. Ma, S. Choudhury, S.S. Moganty, S. Wei, L.A. Archer " Fabricating multifunctional nanoparticle membranes by a fast layer-by-layer Langmuir–Blodgett process: application in lithium–sulfur batteries," Journal of Materials Chemistry A (2016), DOI: 10.1039/C6TA06018H

Ma, L. H.L. Zhuang, S. Wei, K.E. Hendrickson, M.S. Kim, G. Cohn, R.G Hennig, L.A. Archer " Enhanced Li–S batteries using amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes in the cathode," ACS nano (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06373

Choudhury. S, R. Mangal, A. Agrawal, L.A. Archer, " A highly reversible room-temperature lithium metal battery based on crosslinked hairy nanoparticles," Nature communications (2015), DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10101

Tu, Z., P. Nath, Y. Lu, M.D. Tikekar, L.A. Archer, " Nanostructured electrolytes for stable lithium electrodeposition in secondary batteries," Accounts of chemical research (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00427

Wei, S., L. Ma, K.E. Hendrickson, Z. Tu, L.A Archer, " Metal–Sulfur Battery Cathodes Based on PAN–Sulfur Composites," Journal of the American Chemical Society (2015), DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08113

Lau, S. and L.A. Archer, "Nucleation and Growth of Lithium Peroxide in the Li-O2 battery," Nano Letters (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02149

Lu, Y., M.D. Tikekar, R. Mohanty, K. Hendrickson, L. Ma and L.A. Archer, "Stable cycling of lithium metal batteries using high transference number electrolytes," Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1402073 (2015)

Ma, L., K.E. Hendrickson, S. Wei, S.S. and L.A. Archer, "Nanomaterials: Science and Applications in the Lithium"Sulfur Battery," NanoToday 10, 315-228 (2015)

Tu, Z., Y. Lu and L.A. Archer, "A dendrite-Free lithium metal battery model," Small 11, 2631-2535 (2015)

Hendrickson, K.E.," L. Ma, G. Cohn, Y. Lu and L. A. Archer, "Model Membrane-Free Li"S Batteries for Enhanced Performance and Cycle Life," Advanced Science 2, 1500068 (2015); DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500068

Cohn, G., L. Ma and L.A. Archer, "A novel non-aqueous aluminum-sulfur battery," J. Power Sources, 283, 416-422 (2015)

Agrawal, A., S. Choudhury and L.A. Archer, "A highly conductive, non-flammable polymer"nanoparticle hybrid electrolyte," RSC Advances 5, 20800-20809 (2015)

Lu, Y., S. Xu, J. Shu, W.I.A. AlSadat and L.A. Archer, "High voltage LIB cathodes enabled by salt-reinforced liquid electrolytes," Electrochemistry Communications, 51, 23-26 (2015)

Lu, Y., Z. Tu, J. Shu and L.A. Archer, "Stable lithium electrodeposition in salt-reinforced electrolytes," J. Power Sources, 279, 413-418 (2015)

Lu, Y., Z. Tu and L.A. Archer, "Stable lithium electrodeposition in liquid and nanoporous solid electrolytes," Nature Materials 13, 961-969 (2014)

Khurana, R., J.L. Schaefer, L.A. Archer and G.W. Coates, "Suppressed lithium dendrite growth using cross-linked solid polymer electrolytes: A Step Towards Building Safer Lithium-Metal Polymer Batteries," J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 136, 7395−7402 "(2014)

Ma, L., H. Zhuang, Y. Lu, S.S. Moganty, R.G. Hennig and L.A. Archer, "Tethered molecular sorbents: enabling metal-sulfur battery cathodes," Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1400390 (2014)

Lu, Y., K.S. Korf, Y. Kambe, Z. Tu and L.A. Archer, "Ionic-Liquid"Nanoparticle Hybrid Electrolytes: Applications in Lithium Metal Batteries," Angewandte Chemie. Intl Ed., 53, 488-492 (2014)

Korf, K.S., Y. Lu Y. Kambe and L.A. Archer, "Piperidinium tethered nanoparticle-hybrid electrolyte for lithium metal batteries," J. Mater. Chem. A. 2 11866-11873 (2014)

Tu, Z., Y. Kambe, Y. Lu and L.A. Archer, "Nanoporous polymer-ceramic composite electrolytes for lithium metal batteries," Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1300654 (2014)

Tikekar, M.D., L.A. Archer, and D.L. Koch, "Stability analysis of electrodeposition across a structured electrolyte with immobilized anions," J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, A847-A855 (2014)

Das, S.K., S. Lau and L.A. Archer, "Sodium oxygen batteries: a new class of metal air batteries," J. Mater. Chem. A. 2 12623-12629 (2014)

Guo, J.C., Z.C. Yang, S. Xu, Y.C. Yu, H.D. Abruna and L.A. Archer, "Lithium-Sulfur battery cathode enabled by lithium-nitrile interaction," J.Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 763-767 (2013)

Tu, Z., Y. Kambe, Y. Lu and L.A. Archer, "Nanoporous Polymer-Ceramic Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries," Adv. Energy Mater. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201300654 (2013)

Yang, Z.C., J.C. Guo, Y.C. Yu, H.D. Abruna and L.A. Archer, "Interdispersed silicon-carbon nanocomposites and their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries," Electrochemistry Communications 28, 40-43 (2013)

Guo, J.C., Z.C. Yang and L.A. Archer, "Aerosol assisted synthesis of hierarchical tin--carbon composites and their application as lithium battery anode materials," J. Materials Chem. DOI: 10.1039/c3ta11802a (2013)

Yang, Z.C., J.C. Guo, S.K. Das, Y.C. Yu, Z.H. Zhou, H.D. Abruna and L.A. Archer, "In-situ synthesis of lithium sulfide-carbon composites as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries," J. Materials Chem. 1 1433-1440 (2013)

Das, S.K., S. Xu and L.A. Archer, "Carbon dioxide assist for non-aqueous sodium-oxygen batteries," Electrochemistry Communications 27, 59-62 (2013)

Guo, J.C., Z.C. Yang and L.A. Archer, "Mesoporous silicon@carbon composites via nanoparticle-seeded dispersion polymerization and their application as lithium-ion battery anode materials," J. Materials Chem. 1, 5709-5714 "(2013)

Xu, S., S.K. Das and L.A. Archer "The Li-CO2 Battery: A novel method of CO2 capture and utilization," Royal Society of Chemistry Advances 3, 6656-6660 (2013)

Lu, Y., S.K. Das, S.S. Moganty and L.A. Archer, "Ionic liquid-nanoparticle hybrid electrolytes and their application in secondary lithium metal batteries," Advanced Materials 24, 4430-4435 (2012)

Chen, J.S., Archer, L.A. and X.W. Lou, "SnO2 hollow structures and TiO2 nanosheets for lithium-ion batteries," J. Materials Chem, Invited Feature Article for the themed issue on Advanced Materials for Lithium Batteries, J. Materials Chem. 21, 9912-9924 (2011)

Jayaprakash, N., S.S. Moganty, X.W. Lou, and L.A. Archer, "Mesoporous carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 spheres for fast Li+ ion insertion/deinsertion in lithium battery anodes," Appl. Nanosci. 1, 7-11 (2011)

Chen, J.S., C.M. Li, W.W. Zhou, Q.Y. Yan, L.A. Archer, and X.W. Lou, "One-pot formation of SnO2 hollow nanospheres and alpha Fe2O3@SnO2 nanorattles with large void space and their lithium storage properties," Nanoscale 1, 280-285 (2009)

Lou, X.W., C.M. Li, and L.A. Archer, "Designed Synthesis of coaxial SnO2@carbon hollow nanospheres for highly reversible lithium storage," Advanced Materials "21, 2536-2541 (2009)

Lou, X.W., Z.C. Yang, and L.A. Archer, "Hollow Micro-/Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications," Advanced Materials (Invited Review)" 20, 3987-4019 (2008)

Lou, X.W. and L.A. Archer, "A general route to nonspherical anatase TiO2 hollow colloids and magnetic multifunctional particles," Advanced Materials 20, 1853-1858 (2008)

Lou, X.W., D. Deng, J.Y. "Lee, and L.A. Archer, "Preparation of SnO2/carbon Composite Hollow Spheres and Their Lithium Storage Properties," Chem. Materials 20, 6562-6566 (2008)

Lou, X.W.," D. Deng, J.Y. Lee, J. Feng, and L.A. Archer "Self-Supported Formation of Needlelike Co3O4 Nanotubes and Their Application as Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes," Advanced Materials 20, 258-262 (2008)

Lou, X.W., D. Deng, J.Y. "Lee, and L.A. Archer, "Thermal formation of mesoporous single-crystal Co3O4 nano-needles and their lithium storage properties," J. Materials Chem. 18, 4397-4401 (2008)

Lou, X.W., C. Yuan, and L.A. Archer, "Double-walled SnO2 nano-cocoons with movable magnetic cores," Advanced Materials 20, 3328-3332 (2007)

Lou, X.W., C. Yuan, and L.A. Archer "Shell-by-shell synthesis of tin oxide hollow colloids with nanoarchitectured walls: Cavity size tuning and functionalization," Small 3, 261-265 (2007)

Lou, X.W., C. Yuan, E. Rhoades, Q. Zhang, and L.A. Archer, "Encapsulation and Ostwald Ripening of Au and Au-Cl complex nanostructures in silica shells," Advanced Functional Materials 16, 1679-1684 (2006)

Lou, X.W., C. Yuan, Q. Zhang, and L.A. Archer, "Platinum-functionalized octahedral silica nanocages: Synthesis and characterization," Angewandte Chemie-Int. Ed. 45, 3825-3829 (2006)

Lou, X.W., Y. Wang, C. Yuan, J.Y. Lee, and L.A. Archer, "Template-Free Synthesis of SnO2 Hollow Nanostructures with High Lithium Storage Capacity," Advanced Materials 18, 2325-2329 (2006)

Lou, X.W., C. Yuan, and L.A. Archer, "An unusual example of hyperbranched metal nanocrystals and their shape evolution," Chem. Materials 18, 3921-3923 (2006)

Nanoparticle Polymer Hybrids: Structure, Dynamics and Applications

Nath, P., Mangal, R., Kohle, F., Choudhury, S., Narayanan, S., Wiesner, U., & Archer, L. A. " Dynamics of nanoparticles in entangled polymer solutions," Langmuir (2017), DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03418

Srivastava, Samanvaya, Snehashis Choudhury, Akanksha Agrawal, and Lynden A. Archer "Self-suspended polymer grafted nanoparticles," Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering (2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.04.007

Agrawal, A. H.Y. Yu, A. Sagar, S. Choudhury, L.A. Archer " Molecular Origins of Temperature-Induced Jamming in Self-Suspended Hairy Nanoparticles," Macromolecules (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01280

Mangal, R. P. Nath, M. Tikekar, L.A. Archer " Enthalpy-Driven Stabilization of Dispersions of Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles in High-Molecular-Weight Polymer Melts," Langmuir (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02613

Agrawal, A. B.M. Wenning, S. Choudhury, L.A. Archer " Interactions, Structure, and Dynamics of Polymer-Tethered Nanoparticle Blends," Macromolecules (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01814

Mangal, R. Y.H. Wen, S. Choudhury, L.A. Archer, " Multiscale Dynamics of Polymers in Particle-Rich Nanocomposites," Macromolecules (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00496

Mangal R., S. Srivastava, S. Narayanan, L.A. Archer, " Size-dependent particle dynamics in entangled polymer nanocomposites," Langmuir (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03311

Srivastava, S. P. Agarwal, R. Mangal, D.L. Koch, S. Narayanan, L.A. Archer, " Hyperdiffusive Dynamics in Newtonian Nanoparticle Fluids," ACS Macro Letters (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00319

Mallavajula, R.K. L.A. Archer, D.L. Koch "The average stress in a suspension of cube-shaped magnetic particles subject to shear and magnetic fields," Physics of Fluids (2015), DOI: 10.1063/1.4931085

Kim, S., R, Mangal and L.A. Archer, "Relaxation dynamics of nanoparticle-tethered polymer chains," Macromolecules (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00791

Mangal, R., S. Srivastava and L.A. Archer, "Phase stability and dynamics of entangled polymer"nanoparticle composites," Nature Communications 6, 7198 (2015)

Agrawal, A., H.Y. Yu," S. Srivastava, S. Choudhury, S. Narayanan and L.A. Archer, "Dynamics and Yielding of Binary Self-suspended Nanoparticle Fluids," Soft Matter 11, 5224-5234 (2015)

Choudhury, S., A. Agrawal and L.A. Archer, "Self-Suspended Suspensions of Covalently Grafted Hairy Nanoparticles," Langmuir 31, 3222-3231 (2015)

Wen, Y-H., J.L. Schaefer and L.A. Archer, "Dynamics and rheology of soft colloidal glasses," ACS Macro Letters 4, 119-123 (2015)

Yu, H.Y., S. Srivastava, L.A. Archer and D.L. Koch,"Structure factor of blends of solvent-free nanoparticle"organic hybrid materials: density-functional theory and small angle X-ray scattering," Soft Matter. 10, 9120-9135 (2014)

Srivastava, S., J.L. Schaefer, Z. Yang, Z. Tu and L.A. Archer, "Polymer-particle composites:" phase stability and applications in electrochemical energy storage," Adv. Mater. 26, 201-234 (2014)

Srivastava, S., J.L. Schaefer, Z. Yang, Z. Tu and L.A. Archer, "Polymer-particle composites:" phase stability and applications in electrochemical energy storage," Adv. Mater. 26, 201-234 (2014)

Wen, Y-H., Y. Lu, K.M. Dobosz and L.A. Archer, "Structure, Ion Transport, and Rheology of Nanoparticle Salts," Macromolecules 47, 4479-4492 (2014)

Kim, S. and L.A. Archer, "Hierarchical structure in semicrystalline polymers tethered to nanospheres," Macromolecules 47, 687-694 (2014)

Li, Y.V., L.M. Cathles and L.A. Archer, "Nanoparticle tracers in calcium carbonate porous media," J. Nanoparticle Research 16, 2541 (2014)

Schaefer, J.L., D. Yanga and L.A. Archer, "High lithium transference number electrolytes via creation of 3-dimentional, charged, nanoporous networks from dense functionalized nanoparticle composites," Chem. Materials 25, 834-839" (2013)

Srivastava, S., S. Narayanan and L.A. Archer, "Structure and transport anomalies in soft colloids," Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 148302 (2013)

Mallavajula R.K., D.L. Koch and L.A. Archer, "The intrinsic viscosity of a suspension of cubes," Phys. Rev. E 88, 052302-052307 (2013)

Agarwal, P., S. Kim and L.A. Archer, "Crowded, Confined, and Frustrated: Dynamics of molecules tethered to nanoaprticles," Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 258301 (2012)

Das, S.K., S. Xu, A-H. Emwas and L.A. Archer, "High energy lithium-oxygen batteries " transport barriers and thermodynamics," Energy & Environmental Science 5, 8927-8931 (2012)

Das, S.K., R. Mallavajula, N. Jayaprakash and L.A. Archer, "Self-assembled MoS2-carbon nanostructures: influence of nanostructuring and carbon on lithium battery performance," J. Materials Chem." 22, 12988-12992 (2012)

Kim, D., S. Srivastava, S. Narayanan and L.A. Archer, "Polymer nanocomposites: Polymer and particle dynamics," Soft Matter 42, 10813-10818 (2012)

Lu, Y., S.S. Moganty, J.L. Schaefer and L.A. Archer, "Ionic liquid-nanoparticle hybrid electrolytes," J. Materials Chem." 22, 4066-4072 (2012)

Moganty, S.S., S. Srivastava, Y. Lu, J.L. Schaefer, S. Rizvi and L.A. Archer, "Ionic liquid-tethered nanoparticle suspensions: A novel class of ionogels," Chem. Materials 24, 1386-1392 (2012)

Srivastava, S., J.H. Shin and L.A. Archer, "Structure and rheology of nanoparticle-polymer suspensions," Soft Matter 8, 4097-4108 (2012)

Srivastava, S., P. Agarwal and L.A. Archer, "Tethered nanoparticle-polymer composites: phase stability and curvature," Langmuir 28, 6276-6281 (2012)

Schaefer, J., Y. Lu, S.S. Moganty, P. Agarwal, N. Jayaprakash, and L.A. Archer, "Electrolytes for high-energy batteries," Appl. Nanosci. DOI 10.1007/s13204-011-0044-x (2012)

Jayaprakash, N., W. Jones, S.S. Moganty and L.A. Archer, "Composite lithium battery anodes based on Carbon@Co3O4 nanostructures: Synthesis and Characterization," J. Power Sources, 200, 53-58 (2012)

Yang, Z., J. Shen, N. Jayaprakash and L.A. Archer, "Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids by miniemulsion polymerization and their application for electrochemical energy storage," Energy & Environmental Science 5, 7025-7032 (2012)

Agrawal, P., Srivastava, S. and L.A. Archer, "Thermal jamming of a colloidal glass," Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 268302 (2011)

Agrawal, P., M. Chopra and L.A. Archer, "Nanoparticle netpoints for shape-memory polymers," Angew. Chem., Int.Ed., 50, 8670-8673 (2011)

Jayaprakash, N., J. Shen, S.S. Moganty, A.E. Corona, and L.A. Archer, "Porous Hollow Carbon@Sulfur Composites for High-Power Lithium-Sulfur Batteries ," Angew. Chem., Int.Ed., 50, 5904-5908 (2011)

Kim, D and L.A. Archer, "Nanoscale Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Lubricants," Langmuir 27, 3083-3094 (2011)

Jayaprakash, N., S.K. Das, and L.A. Archer, "The Rechargeable Aluminum ion Battery," Chem. Comm., DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15779 (2011)

Agarwal, P. and L.A. Archer, "Strain-accelerated dynamics of soft glasses," Phys. Rev. E 83, 041402-041407 (2011)

Yang, Z., J. Shen, and L.A. Archer, "An In-situ method of creating carbon-metal oxide composites and their application as anode materials for lithium ion batteries," J. Materials Chem. 21, 11092-11097 (2011)

Landherr, L.J.T., C. Cohen, P. Agarwal, and L.A. Archer, "Interfacial friction and adhesion of polymer brushes," Langmuir "27, 9387-9395" (2011)

Landherr, L.J.T., C. Cohen, and L.A. Archer, "Effect of pendent chains on the interfacial properties of thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) networks," Langmuir "27, 5944-5952" (2011)

Nugent, J.L., S.S. Moganty, D.A. Yanga, and L.A. Archer, "Nanoporous Hybrid Electrolytes," J. Materials Chem. 21, 10094-10101 (2011)

Mallavajula R.K. and L.A. Archer L.A., "Nanocrystal self-assembly assisted by oriented attachment," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 578-580 (2011)

Ding S., Chen, J.S., Qi, G., Duan, X., Wang, Z., Giannelis, E.P., Archer, L.A. "and X.W. Lou, "Formation of SnO2 hollow nanospheres inside mesoporous silica nanoreactors," J.Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 21-23 (2011)

Moganty S.S., N. Jayaprakash, J.L. Nugent, J. Shen, and L.A. Archer, "Ionic-liquid-tethered nanoparticles: Hybrid electrolytes," Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 49, 9158-9161 (2010)

Oommen J.M., M.M. Hussain, A.H.M. Emwas, P. Agarwal and L.A. Archer, "Nuclear magnetic resonance study of nanoscale ionic materials," Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 13, (11) (2010)

Nugent, J.L., S.S. Moganty and L.A. Archer, "Nanoscale organic hybrid electrolytes," "Advanced Materials 22, 3677-3680 (2010)

Rodriguez R., R. Herrera, A.B. Bourlinos R. Li, A. Amassian, L.A. Archer, and E.P. Giannelis, "The synthesis and properties of nanoscale ionic materials," "Applied Organometallic Chemistry 24, (8), 581-589 (2010)

Agarwal, P., H. Qi, and L.A. Archer," "The Ages in a self-suspended nanoparticle liquid," Nano Lett. 10, 111-115 (2010)

Chen, J.S., Y.L. Tan, C.M. Li, Y.L. Cheah, D.Y. Luan, S. Madhavi, F.Y.C. Boey, L.A. Archer, and X.W. Lou, "Constructing hierarchial spheres from large ultrathin Anatase TiO2 nanosheets with nearly 100% exposed (001) facets for fast reversible lithium storage," J.Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 6124-6130 (2010)

Vickers, D., L.A. Archer, and T. Floyd-Smith, "Synthesis and characterization of cubic cobalt oxide nanocomposite fluids," Colloids & Surfaces 348, 39-44 (2009)

Lou, X.W., J.S. Chen, O. Chen, and L.A. Archer, "One-pot synthesis of carbon-coated SnO2 nanocolloids with improved lithium storage properties," Chem. Materials "21, 2868-2874 (2009)

Rodriguez, R., R. Herrera, L.A. Archer, and E.P. Giannelis" "Nanoscale Ionic Materials," Advanced Materials 20, 4353-4358 (2008)

Landherr, L.J.T., Q. Zhang, C. Cohen, and L.A. Archer, "Interfacial friction of thin PDMS network films," J. Poly. Sci. B, Polym. Phys. Ed. 46, 1773-1787" (2008)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Interfacial friction and adhesion of cross-linked polymer thin films swollen with linear chains," Langmuir 23, 7562-7570" (2007)

Bourlinos, A.B., E.P. Giannelis, Q. "Zhang, L.A. Archer, G. Floudas, and G. Fytas, "Surface-functionalized nanoparticles with liquid-like behavior: The role of the constituent components," Euro. Phys. Journal E 20, 109-117 (2006)

Zhang, Q., Q. Zhang, and L.A. Archer, "Molecular relaxation dynamics of self-assembled monolayers," J. Phys. Chem. B. 110, 4924-4928 (2006)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Step-growth synthesis and interfacial friction properties of surface dendron coatings," Langmuir 22, 717-722 (2006)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Interfacial Friction of Surfaces Grafted With One and Two Component Self-Assembled Monolayers," Langmuir, 21 5405-5413 (2005)

Bourlinos A.B., R. Herrera, N. Chalkias, D.D. Jiang, Q. Zhang, L.A. Archer, and E.P. Giannelis, "Surface-functionalized nanoparticles with liquid-like behavior," Advanced Materials 17, 234-237 (2005)

Bourlinos, A., R. Herrera, N. Chilkias, D.D. Jiang, Q. Zhang, L.A. Archer, and E.P. Giannelis, "Layered organosilicate nanoparticles with liquid like behavior," Small 1, 80-82 (2005)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Monte Carlo Simulation of Structure and Nanoscale Interactions in polymer nanocomposites," J. Chem. Phys.121, 10814-10824 (2004)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Optical polarimetry and mechanical rheometry of polyethyleneoxide-silica dispersions," Macromolecules 37, 1928-1936 (2004)

Sanchez-Reyes, J. and L.A. Archer, "Interfacial slip violations in polymer solutions: Role of microscale surface roughness", Langmuir 19, 3304-3312 (2003)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Boundary lubrication and surface mobility of mixed alkylsilane self-assembled monolayers," J. Phys. Chem. B. 107, 13123-13132 (2003)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Effect of surface confinement on chain relaxation of entangled cis- polyisoprene," Langmuir 19, 8094-8101 (2003)

Sanchez-Reyes, J. and L.A. Archer, "Interfacial slip violations in polymer solutions: Role of microscale surface roughness", Langmuir 19, 3304-3312 (2003)

Sanchez-Reyes, J. and L.A. Archer, "Steady Shear Rheology of Entangled Polymer Liquids: Implications of Interfacial Slip," J. Rheology 46, 1239-1262 (2002)

Zhang, Q. and L.A. Archer, "Poly(ethylene oxide)/Silica Nanocomposites: Structure and Rheology," Langmuir 18, 10435-10442 (2002)

Dao, T.T. and L.A. Archer, "Stick-Slip Dynamics of Entangled Polymer Liquids" Langmuir 18, 2616-2624 (2002)

Dao, T.T. and L.A. Archer, "Relaxation dynamics of entangled polymer liquids near solid substrates," Langmuir 17, 4042-4049 (2001)

Mhetar, V.R. and L.A. Archer, "Slip in entangled polymer solutions," Macromolecules 31, 6639- 6649 (1998)

Mhetar, V.R. and L.A. Archer, "Slip in entangled polymer melts. 1. General features," Macromolecules 31, 8607-8616 (1998)

Mhetar, V.R. and L.A. Archer, "A perturbation solution for the oxidation of silicon," J. Vac. Sc. Technol. B. 16, 2121 (1998)

Mhetar, V.R. and L.A. Archer, "Slip in entangled polymer melts. 2. Effect of Surface Treatment," Macromolecules 31, 8617-8622 (1998)

Archer L.A., D. Ternet, and R.G. Larson, "Fracture phenomena in shearing flow of viscous liquids," Rheologica Acta 36, 579-584 (1997)

Mhetar, V.R. and L.A. Archer, "Secondary flow of entangled polymer fluids in plane Couette shear," J. Rheology 40, 549-571 (1996)

Archer, L.A., Y-L. Chen, and R.G. Larson "Delayed slip after step strains in highly entangled polystyrene solutions," J. Rheology 39, 519-525 (1995)

Archer, L.A., R.G. Larson, and Y-L. Chen, "Direct measurements of slip in sheared polymer solutions," J. Fluid Mech. 301, 133-151 (1995)

Electrophoresis and Dyanmics of Polyelectrolytes

Lau, H.W. and L.A. Archer, "Gel electrophoresis of linear and star-branched DNA," Phys. Rev. E 84, 061916 (2011)

Lau, H.W. and L.A. Archer, "Electrophoresis of end-labeled DNA: Theory and Experiment," Phys. Rev. E 81, 031918 (2010)

Strychalski, E., H.W. Lau and" L.A. Archer, "Nonequilibrium separation of short DNA using nanoslit arrays," J. Applied Physics 106, 024915 (2009)

Yuan, C., Y. Chen, and L.A. Archer," "DNA bending stiffness on small length scales," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 018102" (2008)

Yuan, C., X.W Lou, E. Rhoades, Y. Chen, X.W Lou, and L.A. Archer," "T4 DNA ligase is more than an effective trap for cyclized dsDNA," Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 5294-5302" (2007)

Saha, S. and L.A. Archer "Electric birefringence of electrolytes near charged surfaces, I" J. Phys. Chem. C. 111, 14358-14364 (2007)

Saha, S. and L.A. Archer "Electric birefringence of electrolytes near charged surfaces, II: Effect of" polymeric additives," J. Phys. Chem. C. 111, 14358-14364 (2007)

Yuan, C., E. Rhoades, X.W. Lou, and L.A. Archer, "Spontaneous sharp bending of DNA: Role of melting bubbles," Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 4554-4560 (2006)

Yuan, C., E. Rhoades, D.M. Heuer, S. Saha, X.W. Lou and L.A. Archer, "Comprehensive interpretation of gel electrophoresis data," Anal. Chem. 78, 6179-6186 (2006)

Saha, S., D.M. Heuer, and L.A. Archer, "Electrophoretic Mobility of Linear and Star Branched DNA" in unentangled and entangled polymer solutions," Electrophoresis 27, 3181-3194 (2006)

Yuan, C., E. Rhoades, D.M. Heuer, S. Saha, X.W. Lou and L.A. Archer, "Comprehensive interpretation of gel electrophoresis data," Anal. Chem. 78, 6179-6186 (2006)

Yuan, C.L., E. Rhoades, E., Heuer, D.M., and L.A. Archer, "Mismatch-induced DNA unbending upon duplex opening," Biophysical J. 89, 2564-2573 (2005)

Heuer, D.M., C. Yuan, S. Saha, and L.A. Archer, "Effect of topological asymmetry on the electrophoretic mobility of branched DNA structures with and without single-base mismatches," Electrophoresis 26, 64-70 (2005)

Heuer, D.M., S. Saha, A. Kusumo, and L.A. Archer, "Influence of branch length asymmetry on the electrophoretic mobility of rigid rod-like DNA," Electrophoresis 25, 1190-1202 (2004)

Saha, S., M.D. Heuer, and L.A. Archer, "Effect of matrix chain length on the electrophoretic mobility of large linear and branched DNA in polymer solutions," Electrophoresis 25, 396-404 (2004)

Heuer, M.D., S. Saha, and L.A. Archer, "Topological Effects on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Rodlike DNA in Polyacrylamide Gels," Biopolymers 70, 471-481 (2003)

Heuer, D.M., S. Saha, and L.A. Archer, "Electrophoretic dynamics of large DNA stars in polymer solutions and gels," Electrophoresis 24, 3314-3322 (2003)

Chen, S-P. and L.A. Archer, "Structure and dynamics of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions using flow birefringence," J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 37, 825-835 (1999)

Polymer Structure and Dynamics

Lu, Y.F., M. Hu, G.B. McKenna, C.J. Dimitriou, G.H. McKinley, R.M. Mick, D.C. Venerus, and L.A. Archer, " Flow field visualization of entangled polybutadiene solutions under nonlinear viscoelastic flow conditions," J. Rheology 57, 1411-1428 (2013)

Hayes, K.A., M.R. Buckley, Qi, H., I. Cohen, and L.A. Archer, "Constitutive curve and velocity profile in entangled polymers during start-up of steady shear flow," Macromolecules 43, 4412-4417" (2010)

Hayes, K.A., M.R. Buckley, I. Cohen, and L.A. Archer, "High Resolution Shear Profile Measurements in Entangled Polymers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 218301" (2008)

Rose, J.M. A.E. Cherian, J.H. Lee, L.A. Archer, G.W. Coates, and L.J. Fetters," "Rheological behavior of chain-straightened poly(alpha-olefins)," Macromolecules 40, 6807-6813 (2007)

Lee, J.H., Goldberg, J.M., Fetters, L.J., and L.A. Archer, "Linear viscoelastic behavior of symmetric and asymmetric star polymer solutions," Macromolecules 39, 6677-6685" (2006)

Lee, J.H., Fetters, L.J., and L.A. Archer, "Stress relaxation of branched polymers," Macromolecules 38, 10763-10771" (2005)

Lee, J.H. and L.A. Archer, "Tube Dynamics in Binary Polymer Blends," Macromolecules 38, 3917-3932" (2005)

Lee, J.H. and L.A. Archer "Branch-point Motion in Asymmetric Star Polymers," Macromolecules 38, 4484-4494" (2005)

Archer, L.A. and Juliani, "Linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity of entangled multiarm (pom-pom) polymer liquids," Macromolecules 37, 1076-1088 (2004)

Roland, C.M., L.A. Archer, P.F. Mott, and J. Sanchez-Reyes, "Determining rouse relaxation times from the dynamic modulus of entangled polymers," J. Rheology 48, 295-403 (2004)

Sanchez-Reyes, J. and L.A. Archer, "Relaxation dynamics of entangled polymer liquids in steady shear flow," J. Rheology 47, 469-482 (2003)

Islam, M.T., J. Sanchez-Reyes, and L.A. Archer, "Step and steady shear response of nearly monodisperse entangled 1,4-polybutadiene solutions," Rheol. Acta 42, 191-198 (2003)

Juliani and L.A. Archer, "Relaxation dynamics of entangled and unentangled polymer solutions: Experiment," Macromolecules 35, 6953-6960 (2002)

Lee J.H. and L.A. Archer "Stress relaxation of star/linear polymer blends," Macromolecules 35, 5587-6696 (2002)

Juliani and L.A. Archer, "Relaxation dynamics of entangled and unentangled polymer solutions: Comparisons with theory," Macromolecules 35, 10048-10053 (2002)

Sanchez-Reyes, J. and L.A. Archer, "Step shear dynamics of entangled polymer liquids," Macromolecules 35, 5194-5202 (2002)

Archer, L.A., J. Sanchez-Reyes, and Juliani, "Relaxation dynamics of polymer liquids in nonlinear step shear," Macromolecules 35, 10216-10216 (2002)

Lee, J.H. and L.A. Archer, "Entanglement friction and dynamics in blends of starlike and linear polymer molecules," J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 39, 2501 (2001)

Islam, M.T., Juliani, L.A. Archer, and S.K. Varshney, "Linear Rheology of Entangled Six-Arm and Eight-Arm Polybutadienes," Macromolecules 34, 6438-6449 (2001)

Juliani and L.A. Archer, "Linear and Non-linear Rheology of Bidisperse Polymer Blends," J. Rheology 45, 691-708 (2001).

Islam, M. T. and L. A. Archer, "Nonlinear rheology of highly entangled polymer solutions in start-up and steady shear flow," J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 39, 2275-2289 (2001)

Islam, M. T. and L. A. Archer, "Nonlinear rheology of highly entangled polymer liquids: Step shear damping function," J. Rheology 45, 61-82 (2001)

Mhetar, V. R. and L. A. Archer, "A new proposal for polymer dynamics in steady shearing flows," J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 38, 222-233 (2000)

Mhetar, V.R. and L.A. Archer, "Nonlinear viscoelasticity of entangled polymeric liquids," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 81, 71-81 (1999)

L.A. Archer, "Polymer disentanglement in steady-shear flow," J. Rheology 43, 1617-1633 (1999)

L.A. Archer, "Separability criteria for entangled polymer liquids," J.Rheology 43, 1555-1571 (1999)

Archer, L.A. and S.K. Varshney, "Synthesis and relaxation dynamics of multiarm polybutadiene melts," Macromolecules 31, 6348-6356 (1998)

Archer, L.A. and V.R. Mhetar, "Differential constitutive equation for entangled polymers with partial strand extension," Rheol. Acta 37, 170-181 (1998)

Huang, K., Archer, L.A., Fuller, G.G. "Polarization modulated raman scattering measurements of nematic liquid crystal orientation," Rev. Scientific Instruments 67, 3924 (1996)

Huang, K., L.A. Archer, G.G. Fuller, "Microstructural dynamics of a homopolymer melt investigated using two-dimensional raman scattering," Macromolecules 29, 966 (1996)

Larson, R.G. and Archer, L.A., "Molecular theory for the leslie viscosities of nematics", Liquid Crystals, 19, 883 (1995)

Archer, L.A. and Larson, R.G., "A molecular theory of flow-alignment and tumbling in sheared nematic liquid crystals", J. Chem. Phys 103, 3108 (1995)

Archer, L.A. and Fuller, G.G., "Pattern and segmental relaxation in a block copolymer melt fol"lowing step shear flow," Macromolecules 27, 7152 (1994)

Archer, L.A. and G.G. Fuller, "Segment orientation in a quiescent block copolymer melt studied by raman scattering," Macromolecules 27, 4804 (1994)

Archer, L.A. and G.G. Fuller, "Optical and mechanical properties of a star diblock copolymer melt in oscillatory shear flow," Macromolecules 27, 4359 (1994)

Archer, L.A., K. Huang, and G.G. Fuller, "Orientation dynamics of a polymer melt studied by polarization-modulated laser raman scattering", J. Rheology 38, 1101 (1994)

Archer, L.A., G.G. Fuller, and L. Nunneley, "Dynamics of polymeric liquids using polarization- modulated laser raman scattering", Polymer 33, 17 (1992)

Migration of Additives in Polymers

Qian, ZY., V.S. Minnikanti, Sauer, B.B., Dee, G.T., Kampert, W.G. and L.A. Archer, "Surface tension of polystyrene blends: Theory and Experiment," J. Poly. Sci. B, Polym. Phys. Ed. 47, 1666-1685" (2009)

Qian, ZY., V.S. Minnikanti, and L.A. Archer, "Surface segregation of highly branched polymer additives in linear hosts," J. Poly. Sci. B, Polym. Phys. Ed. 46, 1788-1801" (2008)

Qian, Z.Y., Minnikanti, V.S., Sauer, B.B., Dee, G.T. and L.A. Archer, "Surface tension of symmetric star polymer melts," Macromolecules 41, 5007-5013 (2008)

Minnikanti, V.S., Z. Qian, and L.A. Archer, "Surface migration and surface tension of polydisperse polymer melts," J. Chem. Phys. 126, 144905 (2007)

Minnikanti, V.S. and L.A. Archer, "Entropic attraction of polymers toward surfaces and its relationship to surface tension," Macromolecules 39, 7718-7728 (2006)

Minnikanti, V.S. and L.A. Archer, "Surface migration of branched molecules: Analysis of energetic and entropic factors," J. Chem. Phys. 123, 144902 (2005)

Minnikanti, V.S. and L.A. Archer, "Surface enrichment of branched polymers in linear hosts: Effect of asymmetry in intersegmental interactions and density gradients," J. Chem. Phys. 122, 084904 (2005)

Lee, HJ and L.A. Archer, "Functionalizing polymer surfaces by field-induced migration of copolymer additives: Role of additive molecular weight," Polymer 43, 2721-2728 (2002)

Lee, HJ and L.A. Archer, "Functionalizing polymer surfaces by field-induced migration of copolymer additives: Role of shear fields," Polym. Engng. Sci. 42, 1568-1579 (2002)

Lee, HJ and L.A. Archer, "Functionalizing polymer surfaces by field-induced migration of copolymer additives: Role of surface energy gradients," Macromolecules 34, 4572-4579 (2001)